Annand studied migrant songbird response to managed forest treatments from 58 sites (12 clearcut, 12 shelterwood, 12 group selection, 10 single-tree selection, and 12 unharvested mature even-aged sites). Using the point count method, relative abundance of all occurring species were measured. Habitat measurements were gathered to assess vegetation characteristics of all sites. Analysis of variance models and multiple regression models were used to analyze habitat relationships. Thesis Chapter 2 is the manuscript for the paper published in 1997 by Annand and Thompson.

Chapter 3, another manuscript, discusses the relationship of songbirds to vegetation characteristics in regenerating forest stands. Models for six individual bird species (acadian flycatcher, red-eyed vireo, blue-winged warbler, ovenbird, hooded warbler, and the yellow-breasted chat) were established using variables such as basal area, canopy closure, and understory cover. Acadian flycatchers prefer large trees, dense understory, and closed canopy. Red-eyed vireos prefer high basal area and a high percent canopy closure. Ovenbirds preferred high percent canopy closure and short tree regeneration height. Hooded warblers prefer high density of smaller trees, relatively low density of large diameter trees, high shrub stem counts, and high canopy closure (all four of these variables fairly describe single-tree selection treatments).

Study of breeding songbird populations in managed forested landscapes in southern Missouri; includes clearcut, shelterwood, group selection, single-tree forest regeneration methods of harvest, and mature unharvested even-age stands. Pioneer Forest transects represent the single tree selection portion of the study. Hooded warblers and northern parulas were more abundant in the selection treatments than other harvest treatments(hooded warblers have been found to nest in gaps in Illinois in another study). Parula warbler numbers were greater in single-tree selection treatments. Species such as the red-eyed vireo, worm-eating warbler, and acadian flycatcher, which are usually associated with mature forests, were abundant in group and single-tree selection treatments. Species usually associated with mature forest were likely abundant in the selection treatments due to the presence of intermediate- and large-diameter trees.

Extensive site sampling from more than 90 bluff transects; includes species lists for each sample and located by latitude, longitude. Includes Pioneer Forest bluff sites in Bay Creek and Leatherwood Creek.

Author describes four periods of Thomas Hart Bentons’ life. The work, Cave Spring is from the ‘World War II and Postwar Works’ period. Cave Spring is located on the Current River, is owned by the L-A-D Foundation, and was visited by Thomas Hart Benton who depicted the scene in a color painting he completed in 1963. There are 229 plates included in this volume, including numerous color plates. In describing this period of work in general the author notes "In many ways, though, his more remarkable achievements are the landscapes of this period. In these, it would appear that Benton’s overwhelming love for America found its true outlet - in the streams, hills, and mountains of the country, populated by people unsuspectingly living out their time, quietly enjoying themselves, living easily on the land, celebrating nothing more than their existence. Perhaps cumulatively these works glorify "America the Beautiful," a dream America where every prospect pleases. Individually they describe, sometimes with great succulence, a particular segment of that landscape."

"In the scenes painted from landscapes closer to Benton’s home the effect is more intimate. The sky appears to be closer, the horizon is nearer at hand, and the vegetation grows more lushly (plate 136, compiler’s note: "Cave Spring. 1963. Polymer tempera on canvas mounted on panel, 30 x 40". Field Enterprises Educational Corporation Collection). The streams, gullies, and soft hills of the Middle West - the vacation lands of the artist’s mature years - become idyllic haunts of weekend fishermen and Sunday boatmen. The tumult of spirit in earlier paintings has given way to the continuous, easy pulsation of curving water banks, clumps of trees, and those familiar Middle Western clouds. The richness is sometimes overwhelming as one senses that Benton is reaching out to encompass all that he sees in a scene. It is as if he were making love to the trees, bushes, grasses, sandy spots, rocks, and pebbles. Other American artists have celebrated the American landscape, but few with such joy and innocence. Benton painted these works, one imagines, to please himself, and, even if they are stylistically related to earlier paintings, their mood is entirely personal."

"Yet they are personal in a way easily accessible to anybody. Their meanings are still American. Benton is still a painter of the American scene.’

Summarizes the geology of the big spring country in Missouri, includes a short description of Cave Spring. Reports the only flow measurement made on the spring at that time, a low stage reading and another at high stage, both by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Detailed recommendations for lands of Pioneer Forest including trail development, recommended protection for Laxton Spring, Leatherwood Creek, and Rough Hollow as natural areas, and wildlife management recommendations.

Includes specific descriptions of the Narrows, Ball Mill Resurgence, Clifty Hollow Natural Bridge, Grand Gulf, and Leatherwood Arch.

Author tabulated all state and federal records of the time regarding size of Missouri springs and determined relative mean flow. Twenty-seven Ozark springs (Mammoth Spring in Arkansas is the only non-Missouri spring) are listed with Cave Spring at an estimated 45 cubic feet per second ranking twenty-one. The measurement for Cave Spring is from a single record taken June 22, 1924 and represents 46,600,000 gallons per day. Since it was taken during what would normally be a wet season it probably represents nearly maximum flow. Interestingly the author included black-and-white photographs of the time for some springs (Alley, Bennett, Big, Blue, Greer, Ha Ha Tonka, etc.) though none of Cave Spring

Presents the theory of cave formation in the Ozarks. The origin of most Ozark caves is from circulating water below-ground. When the hydrostatic head disappeared as the uplands continued to age, these water-filled spaces then began to accumulate red clay from the soil above. Uplift caused further dissection on the upland, lowered the water table and drained these spaces. Bretz cites several Ozark caves where streams now flowing on the cave floor are not responsible for the solutional features on the cave walls and ceiling since the present stream is younger than the cave itself. Then Bretz describes four large Ozark springs [Greer, Roaring River, Welch, and Fishing Cave (now more commonly referred to as Cave Spring)] which still function as cave-makers.

Includes a discussion of the nature of Cave Spring, pages 441-444. Bretz considered Cave Spring to be an excellent, functioning example of cave origin in the phreatic (water-filled) zone. Author includes a brief note regarding Cookstove Cave on page 444 and Grand Gulf on pages 350-355.

Brief historical sketch plus present day character of mill and surrounding land/buildings.

Descriptive article highlighting geology and natural features of Grand Gulf, also explores management alternatives between state, federal, and private administration.

Presents evidence against stream piracy by springs. A series of discharge measurements were made on the Current River (several miles above a spring and immediately below the spring) and no evidence was found that springs carry an appreciable amount of water from the river. Uses streamflow and rainfall records to outline drainage areas of many Ozark springs. Estimates (see Table 5, "Effective Drainage Areas of the Largest Springs in Mo.", p57) the effective drainage area of Cave Spring at 50 square miles. In discussing the Gasconade limestone whose thickness can be as much as 500 feet, author notes it is frequently cavernous and has some of the largest springs in the United States. Includes an estimate that 80% of Ozark springs flow from the Gasconade formation. Grand Gulf is specifically mentioned (page 13) as "3/4-mile long and 200 feet deep" and "from the bottom of this chasm a cave leads into a more recent channel exposing the stream, which flows out at Mammoth Spring."

Interesting overview, including comment on the historical records of this bird in Missouri. The red-cockaded woodpecker was first recorded in Missouri in 1907 as fairly common in Shannon and Carter counties. Around 1940 all subsequent records were from what was then a virgin pine forest just south of Round Spring (most likely the tract of Pioneer Forest we call the Randolph tract and from the Virgin Pine forest along Highway 19 and now owned by the L-A-D Foundation). Three birds were observed in June of 1940; four in June of 1941; and five in June of 1946. The area was logged, though not clearcut, in 1946 except for the narrow virgin pine strip. No subsequent sightings of the bird have been recorded from Missouri.

Includes a review of Medlock Cave.

Includes natural area descriptions for Carter, Dent, Reynolds, Ripley, Shannon, and Texas counties. This report also includes specific discussion of Lily Pond (p. 68), Bowles Pond (p. 69), Cave Spring (p. 79), Pioneer Natural Area and Current River Natural Areas (p. 82), bluff at Two Rivers where we have a scenic easement (p. 93) and Dripping Spring (p. 94).

Discusses potential biosphere reserve sites and outlines a specific area of managed use to include Pioneer Forest among other private conservation and preservation lands. See page 39.

This extensive review of the Missouri State Park System includes essays and photographs on Dillard Mill State Historic Site and Grand Gulf State Park, both properties of the L-A-D Foundation.

Examines the practice of clearcutting, reviews alternatives such as individual tree selection. Pioneer Forest cited as "selection forest" and includes photograph from 1987 at unknown location.

Tree ring sampling study which compares results on this tract with preliminary sampling of shortleaf pine from the virgin pine tract along Highway 19. Six tree ring samples from the virgin pine tract indicated even-age structure, however, all samples were specifically selected from the largest pine. Twenty-six samples were collected from the Eck Tract and indicated a wider range of ages for dominant canopy trees.

Examines lead and cadmium concentrations in growth increments from lead-mining areas compared to control sites. Chronologies from Jerktail Mountain on Pioneer Forest were used as a control.

Uses tree-ring chronologies from Jerktail Mountain area including nearby Asher Creek and Thompson Creek, all on Pioneer Forest.

Period of analysis 1700-1980. Results show two drought cycles of 2.3 and 6 years. Chronologies for white oak include samples from Current River Natural Area, L-A-D Foundation.

Includes descriptive information and comparative notes for Bowles Pond, pp. 138-144, 189 and mentions Vinson Pond, p. 189.

Notable features of interest to floaters along Ozark rivers in Missouri; references along the Current River include the following from Pioneer Forest Medlock Cave and spring (mile 12.6), Cave Spring (mile 21.9), and on the Jacks Fork River Leatherwood Creek (mile 22.2) and Bay Creek (mile 25.2).

Discusses geology of Grand Gulf, description of faulting, formation of the gulf, suggests blockage of cave entrance resulted from a tornado which uprooted trees upstream during the early 1920's. Author describes isolated karst features of the area of several square miles immediately west of Koshkonong. Pages 112-123.

Salamanders alone are the most abundant vertebrate animals, and their annual production of biomass exceeds that of birds or small mammals. This thesis reports research results of two papers describing plethodontid salamander densities. Relationships between coarse woody debris, canopy cover, ground area cover, herbaceous vegetation, woody vegetation, and plethodontid salamanders occurring among 42 sample plots distributed within three distinct forest structural stages were determined. Second growth and regeneration sites were located on Missouri Department of Conservation lands in Reynolds and Shannon counties, while old-growth sites were located on National Park Service lands in Carter County and on Pioneer Forest land (the uncut Current River Natural Area and the surrounding old-growth forest on that same north-facing hillside) in Shannon County.

During 1995 and 1996 three species and 348 individuals were captured; southern redback salamanders (84%) and slimy salamanders (16%), and one individual of longtail salamander were captured. Estimated mean densities were 1422.7 salamanders/hectare for old-growth, 287.5 salamanders/hectare for second growth, and 14.87 salamanders/hectare for clearcut. Regeneration cutting reduces microhabitats for salamanders through increased temperatures and decreased moisture availability from the elimination of the forest canopy. This study found five times more salamanders in old-growth than in second growth and 20 times more salamanders in second growth than in regeneration cuts.

Authors present data on salamander densities from regeneration cuts (<5 years old), second-growth cuts (70-80 years old), and old growth sites (>120 years old). Among the old growth sites is the Current River Natural Area on Pioneer Forest. Salamander populations were reduced to very low numbers when mature forests had been intensively harvested. Plethodontid salamanders (those species of salamanders which are purely terrestrial and lack an aquatic larval stage; plethodontids lack lungs and exchange gases almost entirely through the skin) appear to be best adapted to conditions characteristic of older, mature forests and management can affect their abundance. During the spring season of 1995 and 1996 the authors found five times more salamanders in second growth forests than in regenerating forests. Increasing the rotation length in managed forests would provide older, mature forests that play a critical role in maintaining relatively high densities of plethodontid salamanders.

Detailed review of 55 species in 8 families, includes notes on karst regions, adaptations, as well as a detailed scientific illustrations and a key. Cambarus hubrichti, a white cave crayfish, was collected from Medlock Cave in 1941 (see page 82).

General write-up on the park, includes description of geology, relationship of surrounding lands, hydrology; specific mention of L-A-D Foundation ownership.

Detailed overview of the design and description of single-tree selection forest management as used on Pioneer Forest. Data for the period 1957-1997 are presented showing volume measurements for seven major species groups and basal area by diameter class from 6 inches to 24 inches or greater. Economic advantages of this system of forest management are demonstrated by looking at market price increases from Pioneer Forest for the period 1950-1999. Using this information an economic model is applied to an average acre of Ozark forestland managed for the most recent 24-year period (1975-1999) using clearcutting versus single-tree selection harvest. From the two management scenarios, including management costs for conducting each sale, the authors showed a nearly doubled rate of return by using single-tree selection harvests.

Interview article discussing background of Leo's acquisition of Pioneer Forest and other lands. Includes management style; relationships with Department of Natural Resources, Missouri Department of Conservation, private conservation groups. Discusses L-A-D Foundation.

Describes oak decline and traces the history and factors which may have been involved. Study sites were located on Pioneer Forest, Mark Twain National Forest, and University State Forest. Discussion of once-dominant Pinus echinata now found only on the driest sites and replaced by Quercus coccinea. This occurred after large-scale harvest and subsequent fire suppression, resulting in an apparently even-aged stand of this species. Over the decade of the 1980’s mortality of Q. coccinea in the Ozarks may have resulted from synchronized effects on this particular age class and spread over a vast area of the Ozarks. Also traces changes for Quercus alba and Quercus velutina; notes Pioneer Forest showed no major decrease in Quercus velutina and Quercus coccinea, and the author suggests that selective cutting and the resulting reduced competition may explain the different vegetation dynamics.

Data from established plots at Pioneer Forest and University State Forest studying mortality and decline of red oak species. Similar mortality rates for Quercus coccinea; University Forest exhibited higher mortality rates for Q. velutina. Importance value (IV) for Q. velutina declined (1962-1991) on University forest but remained stable at Pioneer Forest. IV for Q. coccinea decreased on both areas 1980-1987, increasing after that on Pioneer Forest, while gradually declining at University Forest.

Mentions the town of Dillard and specifically Dillard Mill State Historic Site.

Describes the historical and ecological relations between oaks, fire, and humans and reports the consequent silvicultural options and limitations in managing and sustaining oak-dominated forests. Includes a discussion on the history of clearcutting, beginning in the 1960’s, noting clearcutting on public lands (especially the national forests) has declined in favor of forest management less focused on commodity production and more focused on the total of forest values. The overview and history here is interesting. Johnson includes options to clearcutting and discusses the single-tree selection method. Pioneer Forest is mentioned though no specific data is presented. General discussion of the method notes that survival of understory oaks (regeneration) is substantially greater than for trees of the same size in an even-aged forest at the same overall stocking level.

Uses data exclusively from Pioneer Forest; discusses regeneration dynamics of oaks, the "accumulation" of reproduction over several decades; presents plot data from Pioneer Forest suggesting single tree selection method of harvest can work. Forest-wide size structure conforms to the reverse-J distribution curve; in addition to plot data a limited analysis of the age structure indicates the uneven-age condition has been created and occurs at a relatively small spatial scale.

Musings on forest management and the natural world, incorporates observations from several decades of work on Pioneer Forest and Cal Stott's Newsletter on Continuous Forest Inventory. This same article was reprinted in American Forests 85(12): 34-35, 55-57.

Updated version of the 1985 publication (see Thom and Iffrig)

Study completed entirely on Pioneer Forest; discusses and uses CFI data, establishment plots, develops growth and yield model for oak-pine modified from published work of Sullivan and Clutter in Forest Science, 1972.

This paper describes the relationship between overstory density and oak reproduction. Criteria are presented for selecting a residual stand structure and density appropriate to the single-tree selection method in the Ozark Highlands and consistent with the regeneration ecology of oaks and thus sustaining a forest dominated by oaks. The basis for the silvicultural recommendations in this paper is the Pioneer Forest dataset.

Using data from Pioneer Forest research plots, the authors present models for reducing overstory density to increase the regeneration potential of oak forests. In general, oak reproduction increases as residual stand basal area decreases. Authors note that due to the nature of this relationship, the predictability of individual stands is low, however, these models describe average trends for the highly stochastic regeneration process.

Examines changes in basal area, density, and average diameter from Pioneer Forest plot data from 1962 through 1992. Describes the forest, management

There are two aspects to this study. One is an investigation of age-structure and age/diameter relationships from a random sample of 600 oaks from a one-square mile area of Pioneer Forest. Sample data from ten one-acre plots from a one square mile area of the forest showed that seven of the ten plots were uneven-aged, two were two-aged, and one was even-aged.

See page 8 of this book for the sketch of Lyman Field, friend of Thomas Hart Benton, on a river float on the Buffalo River in Arkansas. Later, this sketch was incorporated into the painting of Cave Spring which Benton completed in 1963.

This paper presents some of the earliest work in the Mark Twain National Forest' consideration of uneven-age management. References Pioneer Forest work and specific discussions in June of 1987. Mention of Pioneer Forest, see page 52, 59, and 66 for general advantages of uneven-age management, see Table 11 on page 68, also page 54.

Interesting review of "Pioneer Forest of National Distillers Products Corporation." Summarizes early history prior to National Distiller’s ownership when Current River Land Company owned part of the property and when ancient white oaks and shortleaf pine were common, discusses both companies conservative management practices. Mentions Ed Woods and Charlie Kirk and their forest inventory and leaving seed trees for shortleaf pine.

Park-by-park overview for eight broad threat categories: air pollution, aesthetic degradation, physical removal or loss of resources, exotic encroachment, visitor physical impacts, water quality changes, park operations, and ecosystem degradation. L-A-D Foundation properties, Grand Gulf State Park and Dillard Mill State Historic Site, are reviewed.

Details plant communities listing dominant species; estimates as many as 700 species of ferns and flowering plants.

Specific mention of Dripping Springs (Texas County) as a type example of moist limestone/dolomite cliff; Rocky Hollow as type example for dry sandstone cliff; Grand Gulf as type example for influent cave. Each of these areas is owned by the L-A-D Foundation.

Study includes three sites: Current River Natural Area (L-A-D Foundation), Sugar Tree Hollow, and West Fork of Black River (Pioneer Forest).

Study includes research sites on Pioneer Forest. Conclusions are that sugar maple is reproducing more rapidly than oak throughout the western portion of the eastern deciduous forest, even forests with a predominant oak canopy. Authors largely attribute this to reduced site disturbance and suggest that lack of oak regeneration on all but the driest sites will result in a profound shift in species composition within future forests of this region. Sites sampled include western, central, and southern Missouri.

General overview of Missouri Ozark fen hydrology and especially floristics as well as community structure; contains information from specific localities on Pioneer Forest, although these are hard to pinpoint from looking at the thesis alone. From Shannon County site #40 is either Fishtrap Hollow Fen or Marshy Spring Hollow Fen, others from maps pages 58-73.

Study sites include Pioneer Forest for the Ozark portion of the study, map included.

Includes Cave Spring Glade, NPS/Pioneer Forest boundaries join. Study also includes some work on Jerktail Mountain, a rhyolite glade. Overall study results show loss of open area at 32.4% for Gasconade dolomite areas and 22.9% from rhyolite areas. Measurements were taken from aerial photographs from 1955,1966, and 1984.

Featured trails from the Heartland of the Midwest; included among the 10 listings is the Ozark Trail, the description which highlights the Blair Creek section which "offers solitude, ridgewalking, Blair Creek’s scenic deep valley, and great views of the Current River."

Discussion of Dillard Mill, pages 439-442, with specific mention of L-A-D Foundation, history of ownership and operation, with notes on the cultural importance of the mill.

Overview article, includes introductory mention of the "one- mile long virgin pine strip" indicative of "a common site before the turn of the century (photograph of the Virgin Pine accompanies the article). Discusses companies operating in the Ozarks around the turn of the century including Grandin Timber Company and the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company. Wildlife benefits are discussed. Young dense stands of pine are favored by Cooper’s and sharp-shinned hawks; older pine trees provide cavity nesting for the red-cockaded woodpecker.

Overview of philanthropic assistance to the Missouri State Park System, from organizations and businesses to individuals from across the state. Includes mention of L-A-D Foundation contributions with respect to Dillard Mill State Historic Site and Grand Gulf State Park; author notes that "Perhaps at opposite ends of the cultural-natural dichotomy, each is a masterpiece of its own genre."

Records on Horseshoe Bend, Piney River Narrows, and Dripping Springs natural areas, each of these areas is owned by the L-A-D Foundation.

General write-up on the Ozark Trail. This article notes Pioneer forest as members of the Ozark Trail Council; it also includes a descriptive section about the trail and mentions Blair Creek and Harper Spring.

Discusses work and feasibility of opening the cave entrance at Grand Gulf State Park.

Companion to this report is a video-taped report prepared by team members from the High Pressure Water Jet Laboratory, University of Missouri, Rolla.

Discusses work and feasibility of opening the cave entrance at Grand Gulf State Park.

Details establishment of Current River Natural Area in March 1955. Negotiations began with National Distillers Products Corporation of New York City and were completed between that company and the new owner, Leo Drey. Area established to fill the need of all practicing foresters for a comprehensive knowledge of natural developments within virgin forest associations. The indenture is also printed as it was legally established.

Extensive interpretation of the settlement and development history of the region as an aid to the management and interpretation of the cultural resources. The text also includes discussion of the proposed Ozark National Rivers Association and the Current-Eleven Point Rivers Association, and Leo's role. There is an interesting and brief account reprinted from the 1863 military report of Lieut. John W. Boyd, Sixth Provisional Regiment Enrolled Missouri Militia, of an expedition through Bay Creek and Leatherwood Creek to the Jack's Fork River (pp. 61-62).

Overview of Leo's strategy for Pioneer Forest and L-A-D Foundation along with a discussion of other conservation issues in Missouri.

Notes occurrence of Decodon verticillatus at Lily Pond and Bowles Pond (page 1090). Also mentions Lily Pond as the only known location for Potamogeton epihydrus var. nuttallii "growing close to another sinkhole pond where Decodon verticillatus, also an isolated relict in Missouri, occurs" (page 54). On page 1172 Steyermark notes Hottonia inflata from Vinson pond, remarkably isolated from where it is more common in swamps and low ground. Bowles Pond and Vinson Pond are both within Pioneer Forest; Lily Pond, surrounded by lands of Pioneer Forest, includes 8.23 acres owned by The Nature Conservancy.

Highlights the establishment of Pioneer Forest, style of land management, and formation of the L-A-D Foundation.

Discussion and illustrations (2) of Dillard Mill, pages 69-71.

Specific listing and description of Clifty Creek, Rocky Hollow, Ball Mill Resurgence, Hickory Canyons, Current River, Pioneer, Piney River Narrows, Dripping Springs, and Horseshoe Bend natural areas.

Overview of history of the Ozarks and establishment of Pioneer Forest, the management system, and why uneven-age harvest works.

Report includes recommendations for trails, primitive camping facilities, retention of old growth forest, self-guiding auto tours, interpretive shelters, and various cooperative projects with federal and state agencies whose lands join Pioneer Forest.

Details of the natural history and relative national significance of Grand Gulf.

Part 1 of a series of articles which provides an overview of our state’s caves, springs, sinkholes, losing streams, and the land and water that gives them form and function. Included here are a brief review of geology (illustrated by a three dimensional figure of the origin of geologic features of the landscape), karst features of Missouri, and map of Missouri’s major karst regions. This article highlights karst features of the Salem Plateau, commonly considered Missouri’s premier karst region. Interestingly Logan Creek is described as a classic example of an Ozark losing stream. Several areas of Pioneer Forest are within the upper watershed, between Highway 72 to the north and Highway 106 to the south. Perhaps for 10 or more miles, Pioneer Forest land lies directly adjacent to the creek on one or both sides, mostly in the section which is the gaining part of the creek. Below this, Logan Creek is a losing stream, with a gravel-filled channel which can be more than 200-feet wide.

Three-part study dealing with estimation and prediction for spatial processes, especially for ecological data using (1) variogram under aggregation, (2) estimation of average patch size for transect data, (3) simultaneous prediction of several variable types for a vector-valued process. Data collected from several Pioneer Forest Ozark glades including Cave Spring, Thompson Creek, and Jerktail Mountain.

Describes Cave Spring, Wallace Well, and Devil's Well and presents results of dye-tracing from Wallace Well to Cave Spring which support theory of the supply system of submerged conduits and reservoirs (Wallace Well and Devil's Well), the reservoirs serving as settling basins, flood control agents, and storage for waters which ultimately empty into the Current River at Cave Spring.

Detailed investigation and discussion of the Cave Spring system including spring orifice (Cave Spring), Wallace Well, and Devil's Well. Discusses and maps subwater-table conduits and ongoing transition from the phreatic (deep, water-filled) to the vadose (above water, air-filled) zone. Initial development of Cave Spring was in a shallow, water-filled zone but the current deep, water-filled erosion cycle continues to enlarge the spring supply system. Estimates flow at 30-32 million gallons per day.

Extensive discussion of Cave Spring (pages 90-103), includes relationship to Devil's Well and nearby Wallace Well, the latter also on L-A-D Foundation property.

Using two diameter-distribution models, the negative exponential model and the power function model, this study used information from the 40-year inventory

Pioneer Forest data included measurements for all trees equal to or greater than 5 inches in diameter. Our forest-wide data clearly demonstrates the classic reverse J-shape curve. This study added measurements of all trees from 1.6 inches (white oak stems outnumber red oak stems in the smaller diameters by almost three-to-one) to the entire data set. Wang observed instability of diameter distributions explained by the effect of our minimum cutting threshold (11-inch diameter for oak species). Partial cutting initiates a steepening of the distribution curve, there is an increase in the number of trees below the threshold (i.e. reduced mortality of the small diameters, increase in recruitment rate of reproduction, and reduced density of trees above the threshold). Steepening of the curve eventually reverses as density of diameters above the threshold gradually rebounds.

Using the Pioneer Forest data-set these authors assess the sustainability of the diameter distributions (the reverse-J curve) found on Pioneer to oak forests in the Ozark Highlands in Missouri. The single-tree selection system seems to be maintaining relatively high densities of white oak at or below 10 inches DBH which may compensate for a decrease stocking of small-diameter red oaks; there may be a dynamic adjustment associated with the replacement of red oaks by white oaks as well as a relatively uneven spatial and temporal nature to that process. All evidence suggests that the system used on Pioneer forest will sustain a balanced uneven-aged forest.

Probably contains information of interest, we need to obtain a copy.

Brief note of Grand Gulf as mammoth breech in the earth, three-fourths of a mile long with walls 120 feet high. Collapse estimated at less than 10,000 years ago.

Grand Gulf noted on page 11 as chasm on Salem Plateau. Also see page 27.

Journal from a hike in November 1990 along the Blair Creek section of the Ozark Trail. Article begins at Cedar Point which is part of Pioneer Forest, located just above Laxton Hollow.

Interesting sketch of Luella Agnes Owen, author of 1898 book Cave Regions of the Ozarks and Black Hills. Article mentions her account of exploring the cave at Grand Gulf.

Tall tale on the origin of Ball Mill Resurgence.